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As a new physical modification method, high-pressure treatment has been widely used in the processing of starch. In this paper, the effects of high-pressure treatment on the crystalline structure, gelatinization, retrogradation, digestion, thermal and rheological properties of starches are systematically summarized. High-pressure treatment can significantly decrease the relative crystallinities of starches and transform the A-type or C-type crystalline structure of starch into a B-type crystalline structure. And the destruction of the crystalline structure of starch is mainly achieved by disrupting the regular arrangement of the double helix, rather than directly destroying the double helix structure. High-pressure treatment significantly increases the retrogradation rate and resistant starch content. High-pressure treatment increases the apparent viscosity, yield stress, storage modulus, and loss modulus of starches. However, high-pressure treatment has different effects on the gelatinization, thermal properties, flowability index and consistency coefficient of different starches. High-pressure treatment technology has important application prospects in the preparation of R3 resistant starch and new starch materials.

Biofoam products have attracted considerable attention lately because there is a growing demand for green/sustainable products. To this end, various biobased foams have either been developed or are currently in development, e.g., bio-based polyurethanes (PUs), polylactic acid (PLA), starch, and polyhydroxyalkanotates (PHAs). Indeed, significant progress has been made; however, challenges still persist, for example, biobased foam products have poor processability, inferior compatibility, thermal and strength properties. In this review, we focus on five biofoam products: namely bio-based PUs, PLA, starch, PHAs, and cellulose biofoam products, along with their properties and performance, as well as their manufacturing processes. Further efforts are still needed to unlock the full potential of these bio-based products and meet the goal of complementing and gradually replacing some of their fossil-based counterparts. Finally, the challenges, as well as arising opportunities of future research directions are discussed.

Food packaging films effectively preserve food from adverse environmental factors (such as oxygen, water vapor, microorganisms, and light), thereby ensuring food quality and safety and extending its shelf life. Starch, a biodegradable biopolymer naturally produced by plants, has shown great potential in the development of environmental-friendly food packaging materials due to its advantages of low price, wide sources, renewability, and excellent film-forming properties. Compared with films prepared by casting and extrusion blowing, films composed of micro- or nanofibers exhibit higher specific surface area, porosity, and loading capacity, which have received considerable interest in the development of food packaging films. In this article, the principles and influential factors of the three major starch fiber preparation techniques including solution blow spinning, electrospinning, and centrifugal spinning are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. More importantly, the relationship between the structural changes of electrospun starch fibers caused by different physical and chemical modification methods and the packaging properties of modified starch fibers is analyzed. Finally, future prospects for the application of starch-based fiber films in food packaging are discussed.

Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is an enzyme that functions in plant energy production, accumulation, and conversion. To understand its function in maize, we characterized a maize TPI mutant, zmtpi4. In comparison to the wild type, zmtpi4 mutants showed altered ear development, reduced kernel weight and starch content, modified starch granule morphology, and altered amylose and amylopectin content. Protein, ATP, and pyruvate contents were reduced, indicating ZmTPI4 was involved in glycolysis. Although subcellular localization confirmed ZmTPI4 as a cytosolic rather than a plastid isoform of TPI, the zmtpi4 mutant showed reduced leaf size and chlorophyll content. Overexpression of ZmTPI4 in Arabidopsis led to enlarged leaves and increased seed weight, suggesting a positive regulatory role of ZmTPI4 in kernel weight and starch content. We conclude that ZmTPI4 functions in maize kernel development, starch synthesis, glycolysis, and photosynthesis.

ABSTRACTCO2-Responsive CCT Protein (CRCT) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of starch synthesis-related genes in the vegetative organs of rice. Among six rice cultivars (Nipponbare, Koshihikari, Habataki, Takanari, Momiroman, Leafstar), the expression of CRCT was highly correlated with the starch content of leaf sheath in Nipponbare, but not in Koshihikari, Takanari and Momiroman during plant development. Meanwhile, the expressions of starch synthesis-related genes such as ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 1 was correlated with CRCT expression in Nipponbare, Momiroman, and Leafstar, but the correlations were ambiguous in Koshihikari, Habataki, and Takanari. In addition, the slopes of its regression lines in Nipponbare were larger than those cultivars. These results suggest that the influence of CRCT on starch synthesis varies among these cultivars. Additionally, the similar cultivar differences were observed when these gene expressions were analyzed after sucrose treatment in leaf blade. Some mutations in the promoter regions of the starch synthesis-related genes were identified among these cultivars. There were cultivars in which the presence of mutations correlated with decreased expression of starch synthesis genes in response to CRCT. Thus, these mutations can partially explain the responsiveness of the starch synthesis-related genes to CRCT, and difference in starch content of vegetative organs among rice cultivars.

Water stress significantly affects on rice yield and quality. Eight Japonica varieties from the first and second accumulated temperature zones of Heilongjiang Province were used as materials and four moisture gradients (0, −10, −25 and −40 kPa) were conducted at the grain-filling stage to clarify the effect of water stress on the rice yield and quality in cold regions. The results showed that the rice yield was reduced due to the decrease in the seed setting rate. Rice chalkiness was significantly increased by drought stress, especially under −10 kPa. The protein content of most varieties was significantly reduced and taste quality was increased under −25 to −40 kPa. The effect on protein components increased with increasing drought stress. The gel consistency decreased and the average chain length of amylopectin was less affected by drought. With an increase in moisture deficit, the rapid viscosity analyzer characteristics and chain length distribution of amylopectin showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing or decreasing and then increasing. The response of starch to mild and severe drought varied. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water and high quality and yield of Japonica rice.

The unabating environmental and human-health impact of synthetic plastics calls for their reduction and reuse. Polyethylene terephthalate bottle is a significant pollutant amongst synthetic plastics, and an effective means of mitigating its environmental pollution menace is recycling and developing environmentally friendly alternatives. The study extracts bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) from discarded polyethylene terephthalate bottles and starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Composite bioplastic films (SF, SBHETF20, SBHETF40, SBHETF60, and SBHETF80) were produced from the starch with the addition of a varying percentage of BHET. The starch has the following properties, moisture content 6.94 %, protein 1.05 %, amylose 24.94 %, and amylopectin 75.06 %, while fibre and fat are too low to be detected. The extracted starch, BHET, and their produced bioplastics were analysed using FTIR, SEM, TGA/DTGA, DSC, and XRD. The SBHETF80 has the lowest values for moisture content (5.40 %) and opacity (0.34 %) but the highest thickness (0.45 mm) and density (0.27 g/cm3). In comparison, SF has the highest moisture content (6.02 %) and opacity (1.37 %) but the most inferior thickness (0.19 mm) and density (0.13 g/cm3). The characteristic functional groups in starch and BHET were detected in their produced bioplastics. The XRD 2Θ result confirmed the isolation of BHET and revealed the starch as a B-type. The SF (316℃) has the highest Degradation temperature and SBHETF80 has the most elevated Tg(111.63℃). Bioplastic SBHETF40 has the highest tensile strength (2.59 MPa). The study has successfully produced bioplastics with promising properties, especially the tensile strength and moisture content, which are mostly the drawbacks of bioplastics.

In order to clarify the basic properties of Golden Crown Bean starch, the Golden Crown Bean seed residues after extraction of salt soluble protein were used as raw materials, of which the starch was obtained by water extraction. The morphology of starch particles was observed, and the composition, particle size, physicochemical properties and in vitro anti-digestibility of the starch were determined. The results showed that the content of amylose and amylopectin in the starch of Golden Crown bean seeds was 47.39% and 52.07%, respectively. The morphology of the starch particles was similar to that of pea starch, with an oval or spherical shape. The surface of the particles was smooth and complete, with a particle size of 75.10 μm. The peak viscosity (212.20 RVU) and attenuation value (68.50 RVU) of Golden Crown Bean starch were lower, but the retrogradation value (96.80 RVU) was higher than that of corn starch; the starting temperature (T0), peak temperature (Tp) of starch gelatinization in Golden Crown Beans were significantly higher than those of pea starch (P

Objective: Different sources and levels of starch in the total mixed ration might result in different rumen fermentation profiles, rumen microbial composition, and enteric methane production. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary starch intake on enteric methane production through a meta-analytical approach by integrating related published studies. Materials and Methods: Papers that provided study results on enteric methane production from cattle fed different sources and levels of starch were selected. A total of 52 publications were filtered based on some specified criteria, comprised of 73 studies focused on enteric methane production in cattle fed a basal diet supplemented with starch. The collected data were subjected to statistical meta-analysis through a mixed methodology model. The p-value and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied as the statistical models. Results: Results showed that increasing the level of dietary starch intake and its digestibility in the rumen as well as increasing propionate significantly decreased the acetate to propionate (A/P)ratio as well as enteric methane production (p < 0.01). Conclusions: It is concluded that the addition of starch to diets mitigates enteric methane production from cattle, primarily through two ways, i.e., manipulation of the protozoa population and alteration to a lower A/P ratio. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 212-230]

The economic, technological, and climatic prerequisites of recent 2 decades determine new relevant requirements for cultivated varieties of agricultural crops. For the stable formation of a high-quality harvest, new adaptive varieties are needed. The purpose of the research was to identify promising hulled oats lines in the competitive nursery of Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center by the main indicators of grain quality and productivity for further research. Omsk hulled lines of spring oats were studied in scientific long-term research (2019-2021). The test object was 8 hulled oat lines, the Orion variety was the standard. The data of the following grain quality indicators were presented: mass fraction of protein, starch and crude fat, 1000 seed weight. The adaptability and stability of these indicators were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell. Mutika 1178, Mutika 1180, Mutika 1195, Mutika 1196, Mutika 1200, Mutika 1202 and Mutika 1205 lines significantly exceeded the standard in protein content in grain (+0.92.6 % to st); Mutika 1147 exceeded the standard in starch content (+1.52.3 % to st); Mutika 1147, Mutika 1195, Mutika 1200, Mutika 1202, Mutika 1205 - in crude fat (+0.61.3 % to st); Mutika 1147 and Mutika 1178 - in 1000 seed weight (+0.93.4 g to st). For further research, the following promising lines are recommended: stable in protein mass fraction (Mutika 1180, Mutika 1195, Mutika 1200, Mutika 1202, Mutika 1205); stable in starch (Mutika 1196), stable in crude fat (Mutika 1147, Mutika 1178, Mutika 1180, Mutika 1195, Mutika 1196, Mutika 1200, Mutika 1202, Mutika 1205) and stable in 1000 seed weight (Mutika 1195, Mutika 1202, Mutika 1205).

The increase in agricultural territories in Azerbaijan can no longer cover the problem of shortage of high-quality baking flour in the domestic market. Thus, there is a need to improve the quality of grain harvested from existing areas to obtain more grain products. The purpose of this study is to review and investigate the physico-chemical and genetic parameters of local and introduced soft wheat varieties to further identify promising areas of breeding. For this purpose, a PCR study of individual loci of the Wx genes responsible for amylose synthesis and electrophoresis of Glu genes encoding gluten quantity and quality were performed. In addition, for the varieties Shafaq 2 and Gonen, which were selected during the research for the test baking of bread, a PCR analysis was performed to compile the gliadin formula of the varieties using a sample of the Bezostaya 1 variety as a marker. The physico-chemical characteristics were determined according to quality standards, as well as baking bread sample. During the pilot sowing, one of the varieties – Girmizi Gul1, was sown on plots with various tillage methods – traditional, minimal, and zero. Thus, it was determined that the varieties Gonen and Ekinci 84 contain a zero allele of the Wx-B1 – Wx-B1b gene, which means that their endosperm contains higher-quality starch, and the varieties Askeran, Azemetli 95, Gonen, Kirmizigul, Nurlu 99, Tale 38, and Ugur, in turn, contain a zero allele of the gene GluA1 – GluA1d, which on the contrary worsens the gluten quality of these varieties. As for tillage, the traditional system showed itself to be the best, the minimal tillage was slightly worse, and the zero tillage system turned out to be the least suitable in these conditions. Thus, the obtained data outline further areas for conducting research and open up prospects for targeted selection for alleles of the considered genes

Waxy wheat is the new variety for special purposes first proposed by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China in 2017. In order to better understand the characteristics of waxy wheat, we have studied the grain and starch characteristics of Shannong nuomai 1, which was the first high-yield waxy wheat approved by Shandong Province. The results showed this variety hardly contained any amylose (only 0.158%), but had the high protein content (16.4%) and flour whiteness (81.2%). There were uneven starch particle size distribution with more A-type starch particles using scanning electron microscopy. In terms of pasting properties, a lower gelatinization temperature, shorter gelatinization time, lower peak viscosity, final viscosity when comparing with those of common wheat. The water absorption rate of dough was obviously higher than that of common wheat, and the formation time was longer than stability time. These studies could provide reference and theoretical basis for power blending and processed products with Shannong nuomai1.

Starch serves as the primary energy source for human activities and is utilized as a crucial raw material in various industries. However, due to limited land resources and challenging yield growth, the traditional starch-producing plants are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, which made it unable to meet the demands of population expansion. On the other hand, the traditional source of starch exhibits a relatively stable structure but faces performance limitations that fail to fully meet application requirements. Consequently, structural modifications have been often employed to effectively regulate the performance of starch. Chemical modification is a commonly employed method for controlling performance, but it can pose potential risks to food safety due to the occurrence of chemical reactions caused by limited reagents, residues of chemical auxiliary materials, generation of by-products, and the introduction of new chemical groups into starch molecules. Therefore, the traditional starch resources are inadequate to meet the demands of sustainable development. It is imperative to explore novel starch resources possessing “future characteristics”. According to their characteristics, the sources of future starch could be divided into three categories: firstly, the traditional starch source plants could be genetic breeding or gene edited to achieve directional or site-directed transformation of starch structure, making starch with special application performance; secondly, new starch resources that could overcome the limitations of land and natural environment, or are rich in starch but have not been fully developed and utilized; thirdly, new cell-free synthetic starch that does not take plants and microorganisms as carriers. This review elucidates the necessity, feasibility and development trend of future starch development, and emphasizes on the research status and characteristics of three types of future starch, taking high amylose starch, waxy starch, duckweed starch, microalgae starch, CO2 synthetic starch and polysaccharide biosynthesis starch as examples. This review will provide valuable guidance for future advancements in starch development.

Abstract Background Tuber starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA)-related traits have been consistently prioritized in potato breeding, while allelic variation pattern of genes that underlie these traits is less explored. Results Here, we focused on the genes involved in two important metabolic pathways in the potato: starch metabolism and SGA biosynthesis. We identified 119 genes consisting of 81 involved in starch metabolism and 38 in the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids, and discovered 96,166 allelic variants among 2,169 gene haplotypes in six autotetraploid potato genomes. Comparative analyses revealed an uneven distribution of allelic variants among gene haplotypes and that the vast majority of deleterious mutations in these genes are retained in heterozygous state in the autotetraploid potato genomes. Leveraging full-length cDNA sequencing data, we find that approximately 70% of haplotypes of the 119 genes are transcribable. Population genetic analyses identify starch and SGA biosynthetic genes that are potentially conserved or diverged between potato varieties with varying starch or SGA content. Conclusions These results deepen the understanding of haplotypic diversity within functionally important genes in autotetraploid genomes and may facilitate functional characterization of genes or haplotypes contributing to traits related to starch and SGA in potato.

Abstract Background Quality traits are essential determinants of consumer preferences. Dioscorea alata (Greater Yam), is a starchy tuber crop in tropical regions. However, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying yam tuber quality remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we employed population genomics and candidate gene association approaches to unravel the genetic factors influencing the quality attributes of boiled yam. Methods and Results Comparative genomics analysis of 45 plant species revealed numerous novel genes absent in the existing D. alata gene annotation. This approach, adding 48% more genes, significantly enhanced the functional annotation of three crucial metabolic pathways associated with boiled yam quality traits: pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, the whole-genome sequencing of 127 genotypes identified 27 genes under selection and 22 genes linked to texture, starch content, and color through a candidate gene association analysis. Notably, five genes involved in starch content and cell wall composition, including 1,3-beta Glucan synthase, β-amylase, and Pectin methyl esterase, were common to both approaches and their expression levels were assessed by transcriptomic data. Conclusions The analysis of the whole-genome of 127 genotypes of D. alata and the study of three specific pathways allowed the identification of important genes for tuber quality. Our findings provide insights into the genetic basis of yam quality traits and will help the enhancement of yam tuber quality through breeding programs.

We report observations of wear traces and microbotanical analysis of 29 ceramics, one pot of Cucurbita sp., and one wooden spoon—all artifacts of the AZ‐6 and AZ‐71 cemeteries of the Cabuza cultural phase (900–1200 ce), Azapa Valley, northern Chile—. The results show some unused artifacts (11) besides 21 samples that were positive for starches of Zea mays, Cucurbita sp., Manihot esculenta, Ipomoea batatas, or Phaseolus sp., in addition to vegetable remains (13 cases). This evidence is interpreted as an expression of funerary rites in post‐state times, which could be an inheritance of the Andean Tiwanaku State (ca. 500–1000 ce). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the significance of green banana resistant starch (RS), a substantial polysaccharide. The food industry has taken an interest in green banana flour due to its 30% availability of resistant starch and its approximately 70% starch content on a dry basis, making its use suitable for food formulations where starch serves as the base. A variety of processing techniques, such as heat‐moisture, autoclaving, microwaving, high hydrostatic pressure, extrusion, ultrasound, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic debranching treatments, have made significant advancements in the preparation of resistant starch. These advancements aim to change the structure, techno‐functionality, and subsequently the physiological functions of the resistant starch. Green bananas make up the highest RS as compared to other foods and cereals. Many food processing industries and cuisines now have a positive awareness due to the functional characteristics of green bananas, such as their pasting, thermal, gelatinization, foaming, and textural characteristics. It is also found useful for controlling the rates of cancer, obesity, and diabetic disorders. Moreover, the use of GBRS as prebiotics and probiotics might be significantly proved good for gut health. This study aimed at the awareness of the composition, extraction and application of the green banana resistant starch in the future food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch blended low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) has been extensively used to produce packaging film, but it has very low mechanical properties. This work emphasises the extraction of nanosilica from rice husk as a property‐enhancing filler for producing high‐quality packaging material. Nanosilica (200 nm) was obtained by chemical treatment followed by further size reduction through cryomill. The obtained nanomaterial was found to have a high surface area (189.64 m2/g) and pore volume (.462 cc/g) with high compatibility with the other materials in the matrix. The SEM and TEM analysis indicates the uniformity in particle size of the nanomaterial with an agglomerating tendency. The X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis reveals that the obtained material is amorphous in nature. The nanomaterial is dispersed in various proportions in LDPE/starch matrix, and it is observed that the highest tensile strength (9.62 MPa) can be obtained at 1.5% nanosilica content in the matrix. A continuous increase in Young's modulus and stiffness from 372.3 to 440.12 MPa and 20 243.2 to 28 559.42 N/m, respectively, when 1.5% of nanosilica is dispersed in the biodegradable matrix. Garden soil was a better degrading medium for the sample containing 20% of starch with weight loss of 10.32% and reduction of tensile strength and tear strength values to 5.987 MPa and 99.165 N/mm respectively, in 1 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch, an insoluble natural polymer, can be spread into a Langmuir monolayer on the surface of water as amylodextrin by solubilization, where it forms a spherical single‐particle layer at the air–water interface. In this study, we fabricated a two‐dimensional mixed monolayer from soluble starch and organo‐modified montmorillonite and attempted to control its morphology by varying the mixing ratio. The behavior of the organo‐modified montmorillonite was dependent on the spreading solvent and miniaturization was possible using a suitable solvent for spreading insoluble starch. Although both materials formed phase‐separated systems, nearly homogeneous particle layers were formed in some cases because of clay miniaturization. However, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the clay components remained intact and a rectangular morphology derived from aluminosilicate was observed in the mixed film with a high clay ratio. Functionalization as a mixed film clearly demonstrated the hydrophilic properties imparted by the starch particles and the selective adsorption of biomolecules on the clay surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to seek correlations between phosphate fertilization rates in potato cultivation and the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the potato starch. Potato starches are prepared from the potato tubers cultivated in two different districts in Hokkaido, Japan, with different soil characteristics using varied phosphate fertilization rates. The chemical composition of the potato starches such as the amylose, phosphorus, and potassium contents and their physicochemical properties such as the swelling power, solubility, and pasting and thermal properties are evaluated. The results show that the phosphate fertilization rate has a moderate and positive correlation with the amylose content, while no correlations are found with any other chemical composition and physicochemical properties, including the phosphorus content. One plausible explanation for the lack of the correlation between the phosphate fertilization rate and the phosphorus content in the starch is that a sufficient amount of phosphorus has already been accumulated in the soils to phosphorylate the starch to the highest possible degree without further application of phosphate fertilizers. The present results imply that reducing the phosphate fertilization rate in potato cultivation in the studied fields has no negative impact on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of potato starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores the transformative impact of chitosan and starch in advancing ophthalmic lens technology. Derived from chitin, chitosan and starch‐based materials stand out for their exceptional biocompatibility, moisture retention, and optical clarity. The synergy between these biopolymers has unlocked new frontiers in lens design and coatings, promising elevated performance. The article scrutinizes their multifaceted applications, ranging from innovative lens materials to advanced coatings, while emphasizing their regulatory approvals and commitment to environmental sustainability. Chitosan and starch emerge as vanguards, ushering in a future marked by enhanced wearer comfort, optical clarity, and ecological responsibility. This review encapsulates their paramount significance, current applications, and exciting potential, portraying them as pioneers in shaping the next generation of state‐of‐the‐art ophthalmic lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch is a prerequisite for assessing the impact of starchy food in the gastrointestinal tract. The issue is relevant given the necessity of tailoring food products with a prescribed capacity of glucose production. Several empirical functions have been proposed for modeling starch digestograms. The first‐order exponential and the Weibull models are among the most used functions. Although tight numerical fitting of the experimental data may be obtained with such functions, a reliable interpretation of the underlying parameters is commonly a drawback. This work explores the use of fractional‐order kinetics for the modeling of starch digestograms. The aims are to show that: a) the fractional‐order framework offers a framework for capturing multiscale patterns observed, and b) the Weibull's and Peleg's models are particular cases of a more general function expressed as a generalized (Mittag‐Leffler) exponential function. The results showed that the Mittag–Leffler exponential function provided the best‐fitting results. However, the gain relative to Weibull's and fractional Peleg's functions may be small. It is concluded that Weibull's function approximates a more general function (the Mittag‐Leffler function), and as such its parameters find an easier interpretation in terms of the hydrolysis kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch nanocrystals (SNC) are insoluble platelets with crystalline structures produced by acid hydrolysis. Pretreatments, including heat–moisture treatment (HMT), annealing (ANN), and sonication (SNT) can be used to improve SNC properties. They investigate the impact of these pretreatments on SNC structure and properties, including hydrolysis kinetics and yield, molecular structure, infrared spectroscopy, crystallinity (Xc), and thermal stability. Hydrolysis of native and pretreated starches followed a two‐phase first‐order model with an initial rapid stage and a slower second stage based on the k‐values. SNC yield is improved by at least 180% than previously reported. HMT SNC yield is 42.3% while native SNC is 35.2%. Structural analysis reveals that SNC displayed an A‐type structure with increased Xc. However, prolonged acid hydrolysis (7 days) reduces Xc by breaking long molecular chains into shorter glucose ones, reducing SNC yield. Melting temperatures (Tp) of pretreated SNC increase after 5 days of hydrolysis. Pretreated carioca bean starch shows advantages for SNC production after 5 days of hydrolysis, reaching good yield and Xc. HMT and SNT prove effective in improving hydrolysis yield and thermal stability, while ANN slightly accelerates SNC production. Their findings provide valuable insights into optimizing pretreatments for enhancing SNC properties and expanding their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated plantain (Musa spp.) is valuable for nutritional and socioeconomic security for millions of people in Africa and the America. The plantain agroindustry generates a large amount of waste such as pseudostems, leaves, inflorescences, peels, and rejected fruits. The current review discusses the different wastes obtained in the plantain agroindustry and their potential value for recovery of macromolecules and bioactive compounds. In general, cellulose and starches can be isolated from plantain peels and rejected fruits, respectively. Starch isolated from plantain has been used as a food ingredient and as a macromolecule to manufacture films with potential packaging applications, whereas cellulose has been used in the fermentation process to obtain biofuels. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and phlorotannins can be recovered from pseudostems, leaves, and inflorescences. These chemical compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and color‐indicator properties that have potential food applications. Therefore, plantain wastes are a potential source of macromolecules and bioactive compounds that have potential use in packaging applications. The valorization of plantain wastes is a promissory alternative for the sustainable development of the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, underutilized jicama starch (JS) is treated in dielectric‐heating at different power (300, 450, 600 W) and time (1, 3, 5 min), and the change in structural, thermo‐functional, and rheological properties is observed. The dielectric modification increases the water absorption (0.81–2.88 g g−1), whereas the oil absorption capacity (1.02–0.83 g g−1) and bulk density (0.52–0.39 g mL−1) are reduced as compared to native starch. Lightness (95.46–96.26) of JS non‐significantly varies with dielectric‐heating, whereas a significant effect is observed in redness (0.01–0.06) and yellowness (3.74–4.24). The apparent viscosity of all treated samples shows shear thinning behavior. All the pasting properties other than the setback and pasting temperature of dielectric treated samples are significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at higher power than control. The onset (46.50–81.67 °C), peak (64–99.23 °C), and end temperature (68.27–100.77 °C) of gelatinization transition increased, which shows better thermal stability as compared to control. The strong‐peak for the control and treated sample is observed at around 1000 cm−1 wavenumber in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The structural changes have been observed by X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron micrographs (SEM) shows shrinkage and deformation at each power and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclic oligosaccharide β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CDx) is investigated regarding its ability on principle to reduce the debranching activity of pullulanase (PUL) or even terminate the enzymatic hydrolysis process of starch polymers completely. For this purpose, dissolved β‐CDx (aqueous solution) is mixed with the diluted PUL compound (solution) and conditioned (stirred at 40 °C for various durations [0, 20, 40, and 60 min; at 26.75 nmol β‐CDx U−1] and at various β‐CDx dosages [5.35, 13.375, 26.75, and 53.5 nmol β‐CDx U−1; reaction time 60 min]). The PUL‐CDx‐mixtures are subsequently added to a 2.5% w/w starch solution (related to the initial specific debranching activity; 1593.6 NPUN g−1/557.8 U g−1) and gently stirred for 20 min at 40 °C before final thermal inactivation. The obtained samples are diluted and characterized molecularly, i.e., by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). An increasing β‐CDx dosage reduces the degree of molecular degradation systematically reflecting a successively reduced enzyme activity. However, the reaction time (PUL‐CDx‐mixture) has no impact on the enzyme's activity since the starch degradation is marginally and the SEC‐chromatograms similar to the one of the initial starch. Restrictions of the enzyme inhibiting effect of β‐CDx are found terminating the hydrolysis process in a starch suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native potato starch (PS‐N) is enzymatically modified in the granular state using pullulanase (PUL) for the purpose of a specific partial molecular degradation of the polymers. The PUL compound is added to the aqueous starch suspension (40%, w/w) and processed. The process parameters are varied systematically (enzyme dosage [ENZ] 4/20 mL; pH of the suspension [pH 4.7/7.3]; hydrolysis temperature [TEMP] 40/50 °C, and hydrolysis duration [TIME] 20/120 min) and a new‐developed heat‐induced enzyme inactivation approach (storage of the partially dewatered moist starch for 120 min at 100 °C) is intended to terminate the hydrolysis. Morphological (LM, SEM, and CLSM) and thermal characterization (DSC) of the starch products indicate a partial damage of the granules and a partial loss of the semicrystalline structure owing to the heat treatment, which is confirmed by XRD. The molecular properties (SEC‐MALS‐DRI) are mainly controlled by the factors ENZ, pH, and TEMP, but the intended degradation of the amylopectin (AP) by cleavage of the α‐1,6‐linkages (debranching) is accompanied by a molecular degradation of the amylose (AM) fraction. However, both specificity of the hydrolysis and achievable gel strength are remarkably improved compared to acid‐thinned products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]